A person with a rich vocabulary can communicate more clearly and precisely than a person with an impoverished vocabulary. Of all the broad abilities, crystallized intelligence is by far the best single predictor of academic and occupational success. It is why ordinary high school students can use algebra to solve problems that baffled the great Greek mathematicians (who, for lack of a place-holding zero, could multiply large numbers only very clumsily).Ĭrystallized intelligence, broadly speaking, consists of one’s understanding of the richness and complexity of one’s native language and the general knowledge that members of one’s culture consider important. This is why even an average engineer can design machines that would have astounded Galileo, or even Newton. What they achieved with fluid intelligence adds to our crystallized intelligence. That is, we are the intellectual heirs of all of the savants and geniuses throughout history. However, much of what constitutes crystallized intelligence is not the memory of solutions we personally have generated but the acquisition of the cumulative wisdom of those who have gone before us. The second time the problem is encountered, the solution is retrieved from memory rather than recreated anew using fluid intelligence. When people solve important problems for the first time, they typically remember how they did it. That is, their newfound knowledge does not generalize easily to other situations.Ĭrystallized intelligence is acquired knowledge. Once they have mastered a certain skill or solution to a problem, they may have trouble seeing how it might apply in other situations. People with low fluid intelligence typically need hands-on, structured instruction to solve unfamiliar problems. Once they have found a good solution to a problem, they are able to see how it might apply to other similar problems. People with high fluid intelligence are able to figure out solutions to problems with very little instruction. It requires the effortful control of attention to understand what the problem is and to work toward a logically sound answer. Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve unfamiliar problems using logical reasoning.
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